Mg/W-codoped vanadium dioxide thin films with enhanced visible transmittance and low phase transition temperature

Mg²⁺ and W⁶⁺ cations were first codoped into the VO₂ lattice, resulting in a widened photon band gap and h⁺/e⁻ charge carrier accumulation. These effects enhanced the thermochromic performance with a high visible transmission (∼80%) and a low phase transition temperature (∼30 °C).