Air pollution and plant biotechnology : prospects for phytomonitoring and phytoremediation

I. Plant Responses and Phytomonitoring.- 1. Responses of Whole Plants to Air Pollutants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Sulfur Oxides.- 3. Ozone.- 4. Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN).- 5. Nitrogen Oxides.- 6. Fluoride.- 7. Acid Rain.- 8. Combination of Air Pollutants.- 2. Plants as Bioindicators of Air Pollutants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Bioindicators for Sulfur Dioxide.- 3. Bioindicators for Hydrogen Fluoride.- 4. Bioindicators for Ethene (Ethylene).- 5. Bioindicators for Ozone.- 6. Bioindicators for Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN).- 7. Conclusion.- 3. Phytomonitoring for Urban Environmental Management.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Scope of Project.- 3. Methodology: Ecoepidemiological.- 4. Findings: Ecoepidemiological.- 5. Field Experiment.- 6. Implications for Environmental Management.- 4. Effects of Air Pollutants on Lipid Metabolism in Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Leaf Glycerolipids and Their Metabolism.- 3. Lipid Oxidation by Air Pollutants.- 4. Metabolic Alteration of Lipids by Air Pollutants.- 5. Conclusions and Prospects for Biotechnology.- 5. Effects of Ethylene on Plant Responses to Air Pollutants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Ozone-Induced Ethylene Synthesis.- 3. Effects of Ethylene Under Acute Ozone Exposure.- 4. Effects of Ethylene Under Chronic Ozone Exposure.- 5. Sulfur Dioxide-Induced Ethylene Production.- 6. Conclusion.- 6. Effects of Air Pollutants on Gene Expression in Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Effects of Air Pollutants on Gene Expression.- 3. Biological Significance of Gene Expression in Response to Air Pollutants.- 4. Application of the Detection of Gene Expression to Environmental Biotechnology.- 5. Conclusions.- 7. Biotechnology for Phytomonitoring.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Use of Biotechnology to Generate Plants with Altered Sensitivity to Air Pollutants.- 3. Molecular Sensors of Air Pollutants.- 4. Conclusions.- II. Resistant Plants and Phytoremediation.- 8. Absorption of Organic and Inorganic Air Pollutants by Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. A Simple Gas Diffusion Model for Analyzing Gas Absorption by Plant Leaves.- 3. Analysis of Foliar Absorption of Pollutant Gases by the Gas Diffusion Model.- 4. Stomatal Control of Gas Absorption and Susceptibility of Plants to Air Pollutants.- 5. Conclusion.- 9. Uptake, Metabolism, and Detoxification of Sulfur Dioxide.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Absorption of Sulfur Dioxide.- 3. Phytotoxicity of Sulfur Dioxide.- 4. Metabolism of Sulfur Dioxide.- 5. Conclusion.- 10. Elevated Levels of Hydrogen Sulfide in the Plant Environment: Nutrient or Toxin.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Elevated H2S and Plant Growth.- 3. Uptake and Metabolism of H2S.- 4. Atmospheric H2S, Sulfur Nutrition, and Sulfur Assimilation.- 5. H2S Metabolism Versus Toxicity.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- 11. Metabolism and Detoxification of Nitrogen Dioxide and Ammonia in Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Absorption and Metabolism of NO2.- 3. Toxicity and Detoxification of NO2.- 5. Conclusions and Perspectives.- 12. Plant Resistance to Ozone: the Role of Ascorbate.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Genetic Basis of Ozone Resistance.- 3. Factors Governing Ozone Resistance.- 4. Conclusions.- 13. Detoxification of Active Oxygen Species and Tolerance in Plants Exposed to Air Pollutants and CO2.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Response of Antioxidative Systems to Ozone.- 3. Response of Antioxidative Systems and Tolerance to SO2.- 4. Response of Antioxidative Systems to CO2.- 14. Countermeasures with Fertilization to Reduce Oxidant-Induced Injury to Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Effects of Nutritional Components on Ozone-Induced Visible Injury.- 3. Countermeasures for Reducing Damage Caused by Oxidants to Spinach: Methods for Fertilizer Application.- III. Image Diagnosis of Plant Response and Gas Exchange.- 15. Image Instrumentation of Chlorophyll a Fluorescence for Diagnosing Photosynthetic Injury.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Chlorophyll a Fluorescence.- 3. Image Instrumentation System.- 4. Diagnosis of Environmental Stresses.- 5. Conclusions.- 16. Field-Portable Imaging System for Measurement of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Quenching.- 1. Introduction.- 2. A Prototype (Almost) Portable System.- 3. Some Applications and Results.- 4. Further Developments.- 17. Assessment of Environmental Plant Stresses Using Multispectral Steady-State Fluorescence Imagery.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Steady-State Fluorescence Characteristics of Vegetation.- 3. Multispectral Steady-State Fluorescence Techniques.- 4. Effects of Moderately Elevated O3 and CO2.- 5. Effects of Varying Content of Flavonols.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- 18. Diagnosis of Stomatal Response and Gas Exchange of Trees by Thermal Remote Sensing.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Information Obtained from Leaf Temperature.- 3. Image Instrumentation of Leaf Temperature.- 4. Diagnosis of Trees by Leaf Temperature Image.- 5. Conclusion.- IV. Generation of Transgenic Plants.- 19. Manipulation of Genes Involved in Sulfur and Glutathione Metabolism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Molecular Regulation of Sulfur Assimilation and Glutathione Biosynthesis.- 3. Manipulation of Genes and Production of Transgenic Plants.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- 20. Manipulation of Genes for Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Genetic Manipulation of NR Genes.- 3. Genetic Manipulation of NiR Genes.- 4. Genetic Manipulation of GS Genes.- 5. Nitrogen Dioxide Assimilation in Transgenic Plants Containing Chimeric NiR cDNA, and GS1 and GS2 cDNA.- 21. Manipulation of Genes for Antioxidative Enzymes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Manipulation of Genes for Superoxide Dismutases.- 3. Manipulation of Genes for Glutathione Reductase.- 5. Manipulation of Genes for Other Antioxidative Enzymes.- 5. Manipulation of more than One Gene Encoding Antioxidative Enzymes.- 6. Conclusions and Perspectives.- 22. Application of Genetic Engineering for Forest Tree Species.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Genetic Improvement of Forest Tree Species.- 3. Transformation Studies in Forest Tree Species.- 4. Transformation Research of Populus Species as a Model System for Forest Tree Species.- 5. Improving Stress Tolerance in Hybrid Aspen by Genetic Engineering.- 6. Prospects of Improving Traits of Forest Tree Species Through Genetic Engineering.- 23. Environmental Risk Assessment of Transgenic Plants: A Case Study of Cucumber Mosaic Virus-Resistant Melon in Japan.- 1. Introduction to the Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Organisms.- 2. Guidelines for Risk Assessment of Transgenic Crops in Japan.- 3. Environmental Risk Assessment of Cucumber Mosaic Virus-Resistant Transgenic Melon.- 4. Conclusion.