A structural equation model of the factors affecting Filipino university students' shadow education satisfaction and behavioural intentions

AbstractThe overall intent of this exploratory study is to test a model that considers demographic characteristics, attitudes toward shadow education and shadow education institutions' service attributes as antecedents of satisfaction level and behavioural intentions among a select group of Filipino university students. To test the seven hypotheses in the proposed model, a total of 959 university students were recruited from one of the comprehensive universities in the capital of the country to participate in accomplishing a multi-aspect survey questionnaire. Results of the exploratory factor analysis yielded three distinct attitudes toward shadow education, namely: success-oriented, compensatory-oriented or efficacy-oriented. Structural equation modelling revealed two competing models of almost similar significant predictors. The model manifested that the aforementioned attitudes are being affected by the student clienteles' problems with academic performance and their perceived quality of education received from secondary school. Additionally, the efficacy-orientation of its clientele and the dependability of the tutor directly affect students' satisfaction level, which further translates to repeat patronage and recommendations. Theoretical and managerial implications of the study are also discussed in this paper.Keywords:: private tutoringshadow educationthe Philippinesclientele satisfactionbehavioural intentions