The effect of pH and anions on the complexation of uranyl with arsenazo III was investigated using spectrophotometric techniques together with computer simulations. It was found that the 1 : 1 arsenazo III–uranyl complex has four protonation states which respectively dominate at pH 2.2, 5.0, 7.8 and > 10.0. Anions have a significant effect on complexation by interacting with both the free uranyl and the arsenazo III–uranyl complex. Formation constants and molar absorptivities of the various complexes were calculated.