Exhaled breath biomarker sensing

This goal of this minireview is to introduce the reader to the area of research concerned with exhaled breath analysis for the purpose of detecting abnormal levels of physiologically-relevant chemical markers reflective of respiratory diseases. Two main two groups of sensing methods are reviewed: mass spectrometry and (bio)sensors. The discussion focuses on biosensor applications for EB and EBC analyses, which are presented in detail. The review finishes with conclusions and future perspectives, including recommendations for future near-term and long-term development of EBC biomarker sensing.