Real-time removal of stimulation artifacts in closed-loop deep brain stimulation

Abstract Objective. Closed-loop deep brain stimulation (DBS) with neural feedback has shown great potential in improving the therapeutic effect and reducing side effects. However, the amplitude of stimulation artifacts is much larger than the local field potentials, which remains a bottleneck in developing a closed-loop stimulation strategy with varied parameters. Approach. We proposed an irregular sampling method for the real-time removal of stimulation artifacts. The artifact peaks were detected by applying a threshold to the raw recordings, and the samples within the contaminated period of the stimulation pulses were excluded and replaced with the interpolation of the samples prior to and after the stimulation artifact duration. This method was evaluated with both simulation signals and in vivo closed-loop DBS applications in Parkinsonian animal models. Main results . The irregular sampling method was able to remove the stimulation artifacts effectively with the simulation signals. The relative errors between the power spectral density of the recovered and true signals within a wide frequency band (2–150 Hz) were 2.14%, 3.93%, 7.22%, 7.97% and 6.25% for stimulation at 20 Hz, 60 Hz, 130 Hz, 180 Hz, and stimulation with variable low and high frequencies, respectively. This stimulation artifact removal method was verified in real-time closed-loop DBS applications in vivo , and the artifacts were effectively removed during stimulation with frequency continuously changing from 130 Hz to 1 Hz and stimulation adaptive to beta oscillations. Significance. The proposed method provides an approach for real-time removal in closed-loop DBS applications, which is effective in stimulation with low frequency, high frequency, and variable frequency. This method can facilitate the development of more advanced closed-loop DBS strategies.