There are many materials whose properties and performance are dependent on the local chemical and physical structure on a length scale in the tens of nanometer range.Such materials include catalysts, adsorbents and batteries.The development and application of nanoscale full-field X-ray tomography and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has impacted our understanding of such materials.This talk will provide an introduction to full-field transmission X-ray nanospectroscopy and nanotomography, i.e. transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM), in 2D and 3D and will use specific examples from our research at Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) to illustrate the technique, the information content, and the new understanding that is gained from such studies.