Altered aryl-hydrocarbon-receptor signalling affects regulatory and effector cell immunity in autoimmune hepatitis

•In AIH, Tregs and Th17 display dysfunctional aryl-hydrocarbon-receptor (AHR) pathway. •This results in defective upregulation of CD39, a key immunoregulatory ectoenzyme. •Altered AHR pathway results from increased inhibitory factors. •Binding of AHR to oestrogen receptor alpha amplifies defective CD39 upregulation. •Blockade of this aberrant pathways would restore CD39 and immunotolerance in AIH. Background & Aims In autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), the imbalance between regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T-helper type 17 (Th17) cells has been linked to low levels of CD39, an ectoenzyme that hydrolyses ATP, ultimately generating immunosuppressive adenosine. Upregulation of CD39 results from activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), which mediates toxin responses to modulate T-cell immunity. In this study, we investigated whether altered AHR signalling underlies defective CD39 expression and function in AIH Tregs and Th17 cells, therefore contributing to regulatory/effector cell imbalance. Methods Tregs and Th17 cells, obtained from the peripheral blood of 49 patients with AIH and 21 healthy individuals (HI), were tested for response to endogenous and exogenous AHR ligands. Results When compared to those of HI, AIH-derived Tregs and Th17 cells displayed impaired responses to AHR activation, reflected by impaired upregulation of CD39, delayed increase in ectoenzymatic activity, and defective Treg suppressive function. These impairments resulted, at least in part, from heightened levels of AHRR and Erα in Tregs and high HIF-1α in Th17 cells, and were reverted upon molecular blockade. Importantly, in AIH-derived Tregs, the binding affinity of AHR was higher for Erα than ARNT. Conclusions In AIH, high levels of AHRR and HIF-1α inhibit AHR signalling in Tregs and Th17 cells. AHR non-canonical binding to Erα further amplifies the lack of effective CD39 upregulation. Blockade of these inhibitory and/or non-canonical activation pathways represents a potential therapeutic approach to restore CD39 and immunohomeostasis in AIH. Lay summary In patients with autoimmune hepatitis, the imbalance between regulatory T cells and T helper type-17 cells is linked to dysfunction of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway, resulting from aberrant inhibition or non-canonical activation. These alterations impair Treg- and Th17 cell-induced upregulation of CD39, an ectoenzyme key to immunoregulation. Blockade of excessive inhibition or non-canonical activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway might represent a novel therapeutic strategy to control inflammation while restoring immune balance in autoimmune hepatitis. In autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), the imbalance between regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T-helper type 17 (Th17) cells has been linked to low levels of CD39, an ectoenzyme that hydrolyses ATP, ultimately generating immunosuppressive adenosine. Upregulation of CD39 results from activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), which mediates toxin responses to modulate T-cell immunity. In this study, we investigated whether altered AHR signalling underlies defective CD39 expression and function in AIH Tregs and Th17 cells, therefore contributing to regulatory/effector cell imbalance. Tregs and Th17 cells, obtained from the peripheral blood of 49 patients with AIH and 21 healthy individuals (HI), were tested for response to endogenous and exogenous AHR ligands. When compared to those of HI, AIH-derived Tregs and Th17 cells displayed impaired responses to AHR activation, reflected by impaired upregulation of CD39, delayed increase in ectoenzymatic activity, and defective Treg suppressive function. These impairments resulted, at least in part, from heightened levels of AHRR and Erα in Tregs and high HIF-1α in Th17 cells, and were reverted upon molecular blockade. Importantly, in AIH-derived Tregs, the binding affinity of AHR was higher for Erα than ARNT. In AIH, high levels of AHRR and HIF-1α inhibit AHR signalling in Tregs and Th17 cells. AHR non-canonical binding to Erα further amplifies the lack of effective CD39 upregulation. Blockade of these inhibitory and/or non-canonical activation pathways represents a potential therapeutic approach to restore CD39 and immunohomeostasis in AIH.