Prevailing conjugated porous polymers for electrochemical energy storage and conversion: Lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors and water-splitting

Covalent organic framework (COFs) and conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) adopt rigid structure directing motifs as building blocks, which are connected by covalent bonds in a specific polymerization reaction with crystalline and amorphous morphology, respectively. They usually possess high specific surface area, controllable porous structure, as well as physical and chemical stability. Due to the diversity of organic monomers and organic reactions, COFs and CMPs can be synthesized by designing suitable monomers and organic polymerization reactions for specific applications. In recent years, COFs and CMPs as functional materials have received extensive attention, and great progress have been made in electrochemical energy storage and conversion. In this review, we systematically sorted out the design principles of COFs and CMPs as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and supercapacitors (SC) electrode materials, as well as water-splitting electrocatalysts. Subsequently, the latest advances in COFs and CMPs for energy storage and conversion systems were introduced from the perspective of synthesis strategies. Finally, we put forward the outlook and prospects of COFs and CMPs for LIBs, supercapacitors, hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with high-efficiency.