Insights into the dynamics of non-Newtonian droplet formation in a T-junction microchannel

The non-Newtonian shear-thinning droplet formation mechanism in a T-junction microchannel is experimentally investigated using the aqueous solutions of xanthan gum as the dispersed phase and mineral oil as the continuous phase. Influences of both phase flow rates and polymer concentration on flow regime transition are explored. It is observed that the initial vertical expansion stage is present only for the Newtonian and lower shear-thinning systems. The droplet evolution rate shows the influence of continuous phase flow rate and shear-thinning properties on the dynamics of necking stages, viz., squeezing, transition, pinch-off, and filament thinning. Analysis of Ohnesorge number (Oh) reveals that inertial force dominates in the squeezing stage, whereas viscous and interfacial force control in the filament thinning stage. Longer and stable filament generation is detected as a discerning feature for non-Newtonian systems that appears more prominent with increasing dispersed phase shear-thinning properties. The results also indicate an inverse relation of droplet length with the continuous phase flow rate and xanthan gum concentration, while the droplet formation frequency and its polydispersity vary directly with those parameters.