Hypoxia-stimulated mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes loaded by adhesive hydrogel for effective angiogenic treatment of spinal cord injury

Implantation of hypoxia-stimulated mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome encapsulated in an adhesive hydrogel induced pro-angiogenic spinal cord repair through transporting HIF-1α and upregulating vascular endothelial growth factor expression in recipient endothelial cells.