Ultraviolet-Light-emitting-diode activated monochloramine for the degradation of carbamazepine: Kinetics, mechanisms, by-product formation, and toxicity

化学 降级(电信) 动力学 紫外线 光化学 荧光 核化学 环境化学 有机化学 材料科学 计算机科学 光电子学 量子力学 电信 物理
作者
Xuelin Wang,Xiuwei Ao,Tian‐Yang Zhang,Zifu Li,Ran Cai,Zhongyun Chen,Yonglei Wang,Wenjun Sun
出处
期刊:Science of The Total Environment [Elsevier BV]
卷期号:806: 151372-151372 被引量:24
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151372
摘要

Monochloramine (NH2Cl) oxidant combined with a Ultraviolet (UV)-Light-emitting-diode (LED) light source forms a new advanced oxidation process (AOP), which can achieve high-efficiency degradation of carbamazepine (CBZ). The degradation of CBZ displayed pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics (R2 > 0.98, kCBZ = 0.0043 cm2 mJ-1 at pH 7). The degradation of CBZ was dependent on UV-LED wavelength, with maximum degradation efficiency observed at 265 nm since it was the lowest wavelength studied among UV-LEDs. Variation in pH across the range, which might be expected under normal environmental conditions (pH 6-8), and the presence of Cl- had no significant effect on the degradation efficiency of CBZ, while the presence of HCO3- and natural organic matter (NOM) inhibited degradation. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments detected OH in the system. Probe compounds were used to distinguish the contribution of reactive chlorine species (RCS). It was proved that OH and Cl played major roles and OH was responsible for around 50% of the observed degradation of CBZ. Eight transformative products (TPs) in the degradation process of CBZ were identified, with a generally decreasing toxicity. The concentration of disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed during CBZ degradation was all within limits of WHO and China standard for drinking water. Although the concentration of nitrogen-containing DBPs (N-DBPs) was the lowest, N-DBPs were the main contributors to toxicity, and these would require more attention in practical applications. UV-LED/NH2Cl AOP was identified as an effective way to degrade pharmaceutically active compounds.
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