Pheromones in black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus)

Black-tailed deer in captivity and in the field were observed for 3000 hr. The various contexts in which pheromones play a role were determined. For short-range sex, age and individual recognition, the tarsal scent is most important. Gas chromatograms show differences related to sex, age and individuals. Metatarsal scent is discharged in 'fear-inducing' situations. Female urine attracts males. Rub-urinating serves as a distress signal in fawns, but as a threat in adult males and females. The home range of deer is marked by rubbing the forehead against dry branch tips. Bioassays were developed for testing fractions of tarsal and metartarsal scents. The active components are being more narrowly defined in both scents.