Primordial non-responsiveness: a neglected obstacle to cardioprotection

Schematic diagram listing the established confounders of cardioprotection and characterizing in more detail the features of the novel confounder ‘primordial non-responsiveness to cardioprotection’, as evidenced by lack of protection (reduced arrhythmias, contractile dysfunction, infarct size, and coronary microvascular obstruction) from ischaemic conditioning interventions in rat and pig strains.