Determination of pesticide residues in beans using QuEChERS technique coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: Multivariate optimization of CEN and AOAC methods

The use of pesticides has led to environmental pollution and posed a global health risk, since they remain as residues on foods. Beans one of the most widely cultivated crop in Africa, and susceptible to attack by insects both on field and during storage, leading to the application of pesticides to control pests' infestation. However, misuse of these chemicals by farmers on beans has resulted in the rejection of beans exported to European countries, due to the presence of pesticide residues at concentrations higher than the maximum residues levels (MRLs). In this study, the effectiveness of the Association Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) Official Method and the European Committee of Standardization (CEN) Standard Method, were determined using multivariate approach for the analysis of organochlorine pesticide residues in 6 varieties of beans samples. The significance of factors (mass of sample, volume of acetonitrile, mass of magnesium sulphate, sample pH, centrifugation time and speed) affecting the efficiency of extraction was estimated using Plackett-Burman design, while central composite design was used to optimize the significant factors. The following optimum factors were subsequently used for method validation, recovery tests, and real sample analysis: 4 g of sample sludge (1:1 v/v), 10 mL of acetonitrile, 4.45 g of MgSO