Association Between Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: The Positive Effects of Probiotic Therapy

ABSTRACT Stress refers to an organism's response to environmental threats in normal condition to maintain homeostasis in the body. In addition, strong inflammatory reactions induced by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis under stress condition during a long time. Reciprocally, chronic stress can induce the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) which is a well‐known gut disorder thereby play an important role in the promotion and pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric diseases. It has been demonstrated that leaky gut is a hallmark of IBS, leads to the entrance the microbiota into the bloodstream and consequent low‐grade systemic inflammation. In the current review, we will discuss the mechanisms by which stress can influence the risk and severity of IBS and its relationship with neuroinflammation. Also, the role of probiotics in IBS co‐existing with chronic stress conditions is highlighted.