Cuproptosis: Mechanisms, biological significance, and advances in disease treatment—A systematic review

Copper is an essential trace element for biological systems, as it plays a critical role in the activity of various enzymes and metabolic processes. However, the dysregulation of copper homeostasis is closely associated with the onset and progression of numerous diseases. In recent years, copper-induced cell death, a novel form of cellular demise, has garnered significant attention. This process is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of intracellular copper ions, leading to cellular dysfunction and eventual cell death. Copper toxicity occurs through the interaction of copper with acylated enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. This interaction results in subsequent protein aggregation, causing proteotoxic stress and ultimately resulting in cell death. Despite the promise of these findings, the detailed mechanisms and broader implications of cuproptosis remain underexplored. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate the role of copper in cell death and autophagy, focusing on the molecular mechanisms of cuproptosis. We also aimed to discuss recent advancements in copper-related research across various diseases and tumors, providing insights for future studies and potential therapeutic applications.