The great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus) as a host for tick species in Gurbantunggut Desert

Abstract Background Rodents play an important role in the life cycle of ixodid and argasid ticks, particularly as hosts of larvae and nymphs. The great gerbil ( Rhombomys opimus ), the preferred prey item of several carnivores (e.g. the red fox and marbled polecat), is the dominant rodent species in the Gurbantunggut Desert in northwestern China. The aim of this study was to investigate tick species associated with different hosts in the habitat of great gerbils, including wildlife and livestock. Methods During 2018–2023, ticks were removed from 326 great gerbils, two red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ), three marbled polecats ( Vormela peregusna ), 35 pastured sheep ( Ovis aries ), and one long-eared desert hedgehog ( Hemiechinus auritus ) in the Gurbantunggut Desert. Ticks were identified according to standard morphological keys. Then, they were further analyzed by molecular and phylogenic methods based on two mitochondrial markers, 16S rDNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I ( COI ) genes. Results A total of 889 ticks were collected, representing five species. These included Hyalomma asiaticum ( n = 425: 24 larvae, 79 nymphs and 322 adults), Rhipicephalus turanicus ( n = 153: 2 nymphs and 151 adults), Haemaphysalis erinacei ( n = 298: 4 larvae, 7 nymphs and 287 adults), Ixodes acuminatus ( n = 7: 4 nymphs and 3 adults) and Ornithodoros tartakovskyi (6 adults). Based on COI sequences, molecular and phylogenetic analyses showed that (i) I . acuminatus from great gerbils and marbled polecats clustered with I . acuminatus reported from Europe; (ii) O. tartakovskyi found in northwestern China belonged to an independent clade; (iii) Hy . asiaticum , R . turanicus and Ha . erinacei had 100% sequence identities to conspecific ticks sampled previously in China. Conclusions The great gerbil is an important host for the developmental stages of I . acuminatus , O . tartakovskyi , Ha . erinacei , Hy . asiaticum and R . turanicus , thus supporting the life cycle of several tick species which, as adults, parasitize predators (red fox and marble polecat) as well as pastured sheep and hedgehogs in the Gurbantunggut Desert. Ixodes acuminatus and O . tartakovskyi were found for the first time on great gerbil and marbled polecat, respectively. Graphical Abstract