Innovative radiation shielding: a review natural polymer-based aprons with metal nanoparticle fillers

Excessive and prolonged exposure to X-ray and gamma radiation poses significant risks to human health, necessitating the use of radiation shields, such as lead aprons, for protection against ionizing radiation. However, traditional lead shields are burdened by weight, rigidity, and environmental concerns, prompting a growing interest in alternative shielding materials within the scientific community. This review undertakes a comprehensive exploration of the intricate physical interactions between radiation and matter, with a primary focus on ionizing radiation. We examine the properties, advantages, and drawbacks of three key materials: natural polymers, lead, and metal nanoparticles, each playing a crucial role in radiation shielding. Natural polymers offer unique advantages, including their lightweight nature, flexibility, and environmental sustainability. However, their inherently low density and atomic number necessitate the incorporation of fillers. Metal nanoparticles have emerged as promising fillers, enhancing the radiation-blocking capabilities of natural polymers. Throughout this review, we elucidate the underlying mechanisms that make natural polymers effective in shielding against non-ionizing radiation. Additionally, we provide noteworthy examples of metal nanoparticles strategically embedded within natural polymer matrices to create robust shields against ionizing radiation. This review aims to significantly advance the development of ionizing radiation shields based on natural polymers by exploring the intricate bonding mechanisms between metal nanoparticles and natural polymers. Ultimately, this contributes to the creation of more effective, lightweight, and environmentally friendly radiation shielding materials.