Emerging low-dimensional black phosphorus: from physical-optical properties to biomedical applications

Low-dimensional black phosphorus (BP) is a class of nanomaterial derived from layered semiconductor BP which has gained tremendous attention in a variety of fields, owing to its uncommon structural features and appealing physical properties. More surprisingly, it has addressed current biomedical obstacles due to its orthorhombic puckered honeycomb crystal structure and unique properties such as tunable direct-bandgap, high carrier mobility, and exceptional photo-responsiveness. However, few reviews have focused on the interactions of low-dimensional BP's physical properties with its biomedical performances. Herein, we discuss the physical properties of low-dimensional BP and potential biomedical applications associated with these physical properties. Moreover, different preparation methods, surface modification techniques, and future challenges, as well as future outlooks, are presented. This comprehensive review will provide a clear understanding of the relationship between low-dimensional BP's physical properties and biomedical performances, with the ultimate goal of better knowledge of utilizing BP.