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Soil properties influence the toxicity and availability of Zn from ZnO nanoparticles to earthworms

环境化学 土壤水分 胎儿艾森氏菌 蚯蚓 化学 壤土 生物利用度 钙质的 土壤pH值 有机质 毒性 土壤科学 农学 环境科学 植物 生物 生物信息学 有机化学
作者
Elma Lahive,Marianne Matzke,Claus Svendsen,David J. Spurgeon,Hamid M. Pouran,H. Zhang,Alan Lawlor,M. Glória Pereira,Sthephen Lofts
出处
期刊:Environmental Pollution [Elsevier BV]
卷期号:319: 120907-120907 被引量:13
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120907
摘要

To develop models that support site-specific risk assessment for nanoparticles (NPs), a better understanding of how NP transformation processes, bioavailability and toxicity are influenced by soil properties is needed. In this study, the influence of differing soil properties on the bioavailability and toxicity of zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs and ionic Zn to the earthworm Eisenia fetida was investigated. Earthworms were exposed to ZnO_NPs and ionic Zn, between 100 and 4400 mg Zn/kg, in four different natural soils (organic matter content: 1.8-16.7%, soil pH: 5.4-8.3, representing sandy loam to calcareous soils). Survival and reproduction were assessed after 28 and 56 days, respectively. Zn concentrations in soil pore waters were measured while labile concentrations of Zn were measured using an in-situ dynamic speciation technique (diffusive gradient in thin films, DGT). Earthworm Zn tissue concentrations were also measured. Soil properties influenced earthworm reproduction between soil controls, with highest reproductive output in soils with pH values of 6-7. Toxicity was also influenced by soil properties, with EC50s based on total Zn in soil ranging from 694 to >2200 mg Zn/kg for ZnO_NP and 277-734 mg Zn/kg for ionic Zn. Soil pore water and DGT measurements showed good agreement in the relative amount of Zn extracted across the four soils. Earthworms exposed to ZnO_NPs survived higher Zn concentrations in the soils and had higher tissue concentrations compared with ionic Zn exposures, particularly in the high organic content calcareous soil. These higher tissue concentrations in ZnO_NP exposed earthworm could have consequences for the persistence and trophic mobility of Zn in terrestrial systems and need to be further investigated to elucidate if there any longer-term risks associated with sustained input of ZnO_NP to soil.
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