Fluorescent tag reveals the potential mechanism of how indigenous soil bacteria affect the transfer of the wild fecal antibiotic resistance plasmid pKANJ7 in different habitat soils

Plasmids have increasingly become a point of concern since they act as a vital medium for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Although indigenous soil bacteria are critical hosts for these plasmids, the mechanisms driving the transfer of antibiotic resistance plasmids (ARPs) have not been well researched. In this study, we tracked and visualized the colonization of the wild fecal antibiotic resistance plasmid pKANJ7 in indigenous bacteria of different habitat soils (unfertilized soil (UFS), chemical fertilized soil (CFS), and manure fertilized soil (MFS)). The results showed that plasmid pKANJ7 mainly transferred to the dominant genera in the soil and genera that were highly related to the donor. More importantly, plasmid pKANJ7 also transferred to intermediate hosts which aid in the survival and persistence of these plasmids in soil. Nitrogen levels also raised the plasmid transfer rate (14th day: UFS: 0.09%, CFS: 1.21%, MFS: 4.57%). Lastly, our structural equation model (SEM) showed that dominant bacteria shifts caused by nitrogen and loam were the major driver shaping the difference in the transfer of plasmid pKANJ7. Overall, our findings enhance the mechanistic understanding of indigenous soil bacteria's role in plasmid transfer and inform potential methods to prevent the transmission of plasmid-borne resistance in the environment.