Designing for harmony in urban green space: Linking the concepts of biophilic design, environmental Qi, restorative environment, and landscape preference

Landscapes positively affect psychological perceptions and mental health. The biophilia hypothesis postulates that humans are innately connected to nature. Biophilic design improves health by fostering a proximity to nature in urban environments. Eastern philosophies also emphasize the health benefits of environmental Qi, defined as the flow of energy in the atmosphere. Combining Western and Eastern perspectives on the environment could foster a more holistic understanding of environmental perceptions and qualities and how they affect landscape preferences and perceived restorativeness. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the relationship among perceived biophilic design, traditional environmental Qi, perceived restorativeness, and landscape preference. Data were collected from 516 valid questionnaire surveys completed online. The results suggested that overall environmental perceptions strongly correlate with perceived biophilic design and Qi. For example, there was a high correlation between perceived biophilic design and the landscape structure of traditional environmental Qi (TEQ), visual quality of TEQ, the healthy psychological Qi perception of TEQ, and the healthy physical Qi perception of TEQ. Perceived biophilic design also had strong correlations with both perceived restorativeness and landscape preference. This study provides significant implications, as it explored the relationships between humans and nature while considering both Western and Eastern environmental perspectives. By considering those relationship can enhance human well-being within urban landscapes. Furthermore, the results revealed that while some design aspects, such as the natural form of design, have limited direct impact on people's sense of restorativeness, healthy psychological and physical Qi perceptions, and preference for the environment, the holistic application of biophilic design principles can significantly enhance human–nature connections. By focusing on security, sensory experiences, and the integration of natural elements, landscape architecture can create spaces that not only improve environmental quality but also foster a deeper connection with nature and offer health benefits.