Effects of ribonucleotide supplementation in modulating the growth of probiotic Bacillus subtilis and the synergistic benefits for improving the health performance of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer)

In aquaculture, due to the requirements for high-density culture, the diseases caused by bacterial pathogens have become a serious issue. To solve this problem, we performed synbiotic application of RNA and Bacillus subtilis as a sustainable and eco-friendly approach to improve the health and immunity of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) during cultivation without using any harmful antibiotics or chemicals. Among various forms of nucleic acids, such as mononucleotides and DNA, RNA was found to be most effective in promoting the growth performance of probiotic B. subtilis in all the tested minimal medium conditions. Accordingly, we used the synbiotic combination of B. subtilis and RNA for Asian seabass cultivation. After feed supplementation for fourteen days, the fish that received the combination treatment exhibited a significant increase in innate cellular and humoral immune parameters, including phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, respiratory burst, serum lysozyme and bactericidal activities, as well as upregulated expression of immune-related genes, including HEPC1, A2M, C3, CC, CLEC, LYS, HSP70, and HSP90. Furthermore, significant increases were observed in the ileal villus height and goblet cell numbers in the intestinal villi in all fish treatment groups. The combination treatment did not cause histopathological abnormalities in the intestine and liver, suggesting that the synbiotic treatment is safe for use in fish. The treated Asian seabass also exhibited a significantly increased survival rate after Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. These results indicate that the synbiotic mixture of B. subtilis and RNA can be considered a beneficial feed additive and immunostimulant for Asian seabass cultivation.