Cleavage of Alzheimer's Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) by Secretases Occurs after O-Glycosylation of APP in the Protein Secretory Pathway

β-Amyloid peptide (Aβ) is a principal component of parenchymal amyloid deposits in Alzheimer's disease. Aβ is derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by proteolytic cleavage. APP is subject to N- and O-glycosylation and potential tyrosine sulfation, following protein synthesis, and is then thought to be cleaved in an intracellular secretory pathway after or during these post-translational modifications. Studies utilizing agents that affect a series of steps in the protein secretory pathway have identified the possible intracellular sites of APP cleavage and Aβ generation within the protein secretory pathway. In the present study, using cells with normal protein metabolism, but expressing mutant APP with defectiveO-glycosylation, we demonstrated that the majority of APP cleavage by α-, β-, and γ-secretases occurs afterO-glycosylation. Cells expressing the mutant APP noticeably decreased the generation of the intracellular APP carboxyl-terminal fragment (αAPPCOOH), a product of α-secretase, and both Aβ40 and Aβ42 in medium, a product of β- and γ-secretases. Furthermore, we found that the cells accumulate the mutant APP in intracellular reticular compartments such as the endoplasmic reticulum. Agents that could ambiguously affect the function of specific intracellular organelles and that may be toxic were not used. The present results indicate that APP is cleaved by α-, β-, and γ-secretases in step(s) during the transport of APP through Golgi complex, where O-glycosylation occurs, or in compartments subsequent to trans-Golgi of the APP secretory pathway. β-Amyloid peptide (Aβ) is a principal component of parenchymal amyloid deposits in Alzheimer's disease. Aβ is derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by proteolytic cleavage. APP is subject to N- and O-glycosylation and potential tyrosine sulfation, following protein synthesis, and is then thought to be cleaved in an intracellular secretory pathway after or during these post-translational modifications. Studies utilizing agents that affect a series of steps in the protein secretory pathway have identified the possible intracellular sites of APP cleavage and Aβ generation within the protein secretory pathway. In the present study, using cells with normal protein metabolism, but expressing mutant APP with defectiveO-glycosylation, we demonstrated that the majority of APP cleavage by α-, β-, and γ-secretases occurs afterO-glycosylation. Cells expressing the mutant APP noticeably decreased the generation of the intracellular APP carboxyl-terminal fragment (αAPPCOOH), a product of α-secretase, and both Aβ40 and Aβ42 in medium, a product of β- and γ-secretases. Furthermore, we found that the cells accumulate the mutant APP in intracellular reticular compartments such as the endoplasmic reticulum. Agents that could ambiguously affect the function of specific intracellular organelles and that may be toxic were not used. The present results indicate that APP is cleaved by α-, β-, and γ-secretases in step(s) during the transport of APP through Golgi complex, where O-glycosylation occurs, or in compartments subsequent to trans-Golgi of the APP secretory pathway. 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Taking advantage of the property of the cells expressing APPmut, we examined the processing of APP in healthy cells. Cells expressing the APPmut noticeably decreased the generation of the carboxyl-terminal fragment of APP (αAPPCOOH), a product of cleavage by α-secretase, and also failed to generate Aβ40 and Aβ42, products of cleavage by both β- and γ-secretases. The present study shows that, without utilizing metabolic agents which nonspecifically interfere with protein degradation and secretion, APP is cleaved after, or possibly during, maturation (O-glycosylation). These results indicate that APP cleavage occurs in compartment(s) subsequent to trans-Golgi of the protein secretory pathway or possibly during the transport of APP through Golgi complex, where O-glycosylation occurs (34Danphy W.G. Rothman J.E. Cell. 1985; 42: 13-21Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (281) Google Scholar). Generation of Aβ42 in the ER (29Hartmann T. Bieger S.C. Brühl B. Tienari P.J. Ida N. Allsop D. 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