Predicting the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antisense oligonucleotides: an overview of various approaches and opportunities for PBPK/PD modelling

Introduction Advances in research and development (R&D) have enabled many approvals of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs). Its administration expanded from systemic to local for treating various diseases, where predicting target tissue exposures and pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) in human can be critical.