Primary melanoma of the urinary tract: a clinicopathological study of cases and literature review

Aim Primary malignant melanomas in the bladder or urethra are exceedingly rare. Diagnosing these tumours presents substantial challenges due to their close resemblance in gross appearance and histology to urothelial carcinomas. Methods A retrospective review of our department archives from 2000 to 2023 identified four cases of primary malignant melanoma in the urinary tract. Demographic and clinical data were extracted from electronic medical records. Results This retrospective case series investigates the clinical presentations, histopathological characteristics, immunohistochemical profiles and molecular features of four unique cases of primary malignant melanoma in the bladder or urethra. Conclusion Our analysis aims to deepen the understanding of the diagnostic and management strategies for this extremely rare disease.