Optical pressure sensors for luminescence manometry: Classification, development status, and challenges

Luminescence manometry is a rapidly expanding field focused on the optical measurement of pressure across both low and high-pressure regimes. It presents a compelling alternative to traditional pressure sensors due to its capacity for non-contact (wireless) pressure monitoring, unlike conventional mechanical and electrical manometers. Furthermore, luminescent nanoparticles enable pressure sensing in micro- and nano-scale domains, which are typically beyond the reach of standard pressure gauges. This review provides an overview of the current state of the art, emphasizing the selection process for optically active sensor materials tailored for specific applications. It covers their sensitivity, the spectral range of interest, and temperature dependence or independence. The advantages and limitations of the prevalent spectral shift method for high-pressure detection are analysed in comparison with other methodologies, such as the luminescence intensity ratio (LIR), band widths, and lifetime-based sensors. The performance of narrow- and broad-band emitting sensors, derived from both forbidden and allowed transitions of similar lanthanides and d-block metal ions, is critically evaluated. Lastly, we delve into the nascent strategy for luminescent low-pressure (vacuum) sensing, providing a detailed examination of its potential and efficacy.