Near-Infrared Light-Activated Phototherapy by Gold Nanoclusters for Dispersing Biofilms

A bacterial biofilm is strongly associated with chronic infections and is difficult to be eradicated, posing serious threats to public health. Development of effective therapeutic strategies to prevent and control hospital-acquired infections via eradication of bacteria shielded by biofilms is challenging. Herein, we developed deoxyribonuclease (DNase)-functionalized gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) (DNase-AuNCs), which are capable of killing Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, especially dispersing the surrounding biofilms. The DNase can break down the extracellular polymeric substance matrix to expose the defenseless bacteria to photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) by DNase-AuNCs under 808 nm laser irradiation. The combination of enzymolysis, PDT, and PTT can effectively remove biofilms with a dispersion rate of up to 80% and kill ∼90% of the shielded bacteria. DNase-AuNCs exhibit an outstanding therapeutic effect in treating bacterial biofilm-coated orthodontic devices (Invisalign aligners), suggesting their potential applications in medical devices.