Recent development of high-performance photocatalysts for N2 fixation: A review

Photocatalytic N2 fixation has emerged as a potential alternative pathway to synthesize NH3. However, poor light absorption, restricted charge separation, the extreme stability of N2 molecules caused by the N≡N bond, and the 6e--involved reactions are considered to be bottlenecks limiting the overall photocatalytic performance. In this context, the nature of the active sites plays a crucial role, which is associated with N2 adsorption, activation, and reduction. In this review, we provide forefront research on the development of highly active sites for photon-induced N2 fixation. Thus, three essential sections, namely (i) defect-rich photocatalysts, (ii) metal and nonmetal doping photocatalysts, and (iii) emerged co-catalysts, are highlighted to create a panorama of the materials approach to solar-driven N2 fixation. Finally, a summary and future outlook are given. It is hoped that this review will provide a broad picture and inspire the exploration of novel photocatalysts for efficient NH3 production.