Emerging and Legacy Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in an Elderly Population in Jinan, China: The Exposure Level, Short-Term Variation, and Intake Assessment

Human exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has gained worldwide attention due to their widespread presence in the environment and adverse health effects, but the exposure assessment in the elderly is still lacking. This study aimed to assess exposures to 3 emerging PFASs (chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acids, Cl-PFESAs) and 15 legacy PFASs. The temporal variability of internal exposures and intake amounts of these PFASs were evaluated among a population of 76 healthy elderly adults (age: 60-69) in Jinan, China over 5 consecutive months. Fifteen PFASs were detected in whole blood with the mean total concentration (ΣPFAS) at 20.1 ng/mL (range: 5.0-135.9 ng/mL) dominated by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (9.0 ng/mL), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (5.3 ng/mL), and 6:2 Cl-PFESA (1.6 ng/mL). Across the 5 month assessment period, significant variation was only observed for short-chain (C4-C7) perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids, and their variations ranged from 53 to 334%. The median intake of PFOA and PFOS was estimated to be 1.46 and 0.92 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. Regression analysis showed that dietary ingestion, especially fish, was likely an important exposure pathway for PFASs among the elderly adults. Various pathways (e.g., dietary, water, air, and dust) should thus be considered to fully understand human exposure to PFASs.