Modulation of Electrical and Thermal Transports through Lattice Distortion in BaTi_1–<i>x</i>Nb<i> _x </i>O₃ Solid Solutions

Abstract The electron and heat transports in solids are through the movement of carrier electrons and quantized lattice vibrations (phonons), which are sensitive to the lattice distortion and ionized impurities, and are essential aspects for the development of novel thermoelectric materials. In this study, we systematically investigated the modulations of electrical and thermal conductivities of BaTi 1– x Nb x O 3 solid solution (BTNO, 0 ≦ x ≦ 1) epitaxial films. At room temperature, BaTiO 3 belongs to tetragonal perovskite and exhibits electron conduction through doubly degenerated Ti 3d-t 2g orbitals upon doping, while BaNbO 3 belongs to cubic perovskite and exhibits metallic electron conduction through partially filled triply degenerate Nb 4d-t 2g orbitals. By controlling the Ti/Nb ratio, we found a dual modulation effect on both the lattice structures and conduction band, which affects the electrical and thermal conductivities. Similar to the SrTi 1– x Nb x O 3 solid solution (STNO, 0 ≦ x ≦ 1) system, a phase transition was detected at x ~ 0.5, at which both the electron and heat transports exhibit abrupt changes. Unlike the transition in STNO, which was attributed to a polaronic phase transition, the transition in BTNO was due to contributions from both the lattice distortion and polaron effect. By controlling the lattice distortion, conduction band, and polaronic phase transitions, the electrical and thermal conductivity of BTNO epitaxial films are modulated within a much greater range than those of the STNO epitaxial films. Due to the double contribution of electron carriers and phonon to thermal conductivity ( κ ), the maximum κ modulation ratio of BTNO epitaxial films was ~6.9. Our research provides an effective route to design electrical/thermal management materials.