Chemical, physical and biological methods to convert lignocellulosic waste into value-added products. A review

Actual agricultural practices produce about 998 million tonnes of agricultural waste per year. Therefore, converting lignocellulosic wastes into energy, chemicals, and other products is a major goal for the future circular economy. The major challenge of lignocellulosic biorefineries is to transform individual components of lignocellulosic biomass into valuable products. Here we review lignocellulosic biomasses such as coffee husk, wheat straw, rice straw, corn cob, and banana pseudostem. We present pretreatment technologies such as milling, microwave irradiation, acidic, alkaline, ionic liquid, organosolv, ozonolysis, steam explosion, ammonia fiber explosion, and CO2 explosion methods. These methods convert biomass into monomers and polymers. For that, the concoction pretreatment methods appear promising.