The Past and Possible Futures of Hope

After briefly reviewing the historical views about hope, a hope model based on three components—goal, pathways, and agency thoughts—is presented. Accompanying measures of hope for adults and children are described, and the positive correlates of higher hope are reviewed. Future applications of hope theory are presented, including such topics as psychotherapy, trauma, pain tolerance, adherence to taking medications, health psychology, gender, suicide, developmental antecedents, aging issues, and work.