Novel in situ SEI fabrication on Zn anodes for ultra-high current density tolerance enabled by electrical excitation–conjugation of iminoacetonitriles

Electroplating enriched IDAN on zinc surface, forming IDA to complex with Zn 2+ , thus creating an in situ SEI. This SEI optimized Zn 2+ transport, shielded water molecules, and stabilized the anode interface, enhancing long-term performance.