Spatial and Single Cell Analyses Reveal Heterogeneity of DNAM-1 Receptor-Ligand Interactions that Instructs Intratumoral γδT-Cell Activity

The dynamic interplay between tumor cells and γδT cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) significantly influences disease progression and immunotherapy outcome. Here, we delved into the modulation of γδT-cell activation by tumor cell ligands CD112 and CD155, which interact with the activating receptor DNAM-1 on γδT cells. Spatial and single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), as well as spatial metabolome analysis, from neuroblastoma (NB) revealed that the expression levels and localization of CD112 and CD155 varied across and within tumors, correlating with differentiation status, metabolic pathways, and ultimately disease prognosis and patient survival. Both in vivo tumor xenograft experiments and in vitro co-culture experiments demonstrated that a high CD112/CD155 expression ratio in tumors enhanced γδT-cell-mediated cytotoxicity, while a low-ratio fostered tumor resistance. Mechanistically, CD112 sustained DNAM-1-mediated γδT-cell activation, whereas CD155 downregulated DNAM-1 expression via TRIM21-mediated ubiquitin proteasomal degradation. By interacting with tumor cells differentially expressing CD112 and CD155, intratumoral γδT cells exhibited varying degrees of activation and DNAM-1 expression, representing three major functional subsets. This study underscores the complexity of tumor-immune crosstalk, offering insights into how tumor heterogeneity shapes the immune landscape.