Identification of reproductive performance in Bali-polled bulls using computer-assisted semen analysis and plasma seminal proteomics

Background and Aim: Bali-polled bulls, known for their favorable traits, require advanced reproductive performance analysis to optimize breeding programs. This study aimed to evaluate sperm kinematics and seminal plasma proteomic profiles as biomarkers for sperm motility and fertility in Bali-polled bulls. Materials and Methods: Semen from five Bali-polled bulls was collected biweekly over five batches using artificial vaginas. Sperm kinematics were assessed using computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA). Fertility was evaluated through service per conception (S/C) in artificial insemination trials. Seminal plasma proteins were analyzed through liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and annotated using the UniProt database, PANTHER for gene ontology, and STRING database for protein interactions. Results: Post-thaw sperm kinematics showed satisfactory results, with a mean S/C of 1.52. Proteomic analysis identified 138 proteins, including six (TEX101, BSP1, PRSS55, BSP3, SPADH2, and TPPP2) linked to sperm motility. These proteins were involved in key biological processes such as sperm capacitation, motility regulation, and sperm-oocyte interaction. Conclusion: Sperm kinematics and seminal plasma proteomics provide insights into Bali-polled bull fertility. Identified proteins can serve as fertility biomarkers, aiding in superior local breed development and reproductive efficiency improvement. Keywords: artificial insemination, Bali-polled bulls, fertility biomarkers, seminal plasma proteomics, sperm kinematics.