Pneumonia in Geriatric Patients: Focus on Etiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Prevention

Abstract Background Pneumonia remains a frequent respiratory disease that occurs in people of all ages; however, its impact is particularly significant in geriatric population. It leads to severe complications and increased mortality rates. The clinical features in the elderly may be atypical, thus causing difficulties in the diagnostic process and possible treatment delays. Aim of the study The study was designed to provide an overview of pneumonia, focusing on differences in the clinical picture, diagnosis, and prevention in the elderly. Material and Methods The article is based on 51 articles published between 2008 and 2023, found in electronic databases Google Scholar and PubMed. Results Age-related changes in immune and respiratory systems such as impaired cough reflex, reduced lung function, or lower immune cell production lead to increased susceptibility to infections. Comorbidities, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, and heart diseases, increase the risk of pneumonia significantly. Radiographic examinations and laboratory tests are useful tools in differentiating pneumonia from other conditions. Vaccination is proven to perform a crucial role in pneumonia prevention. Conclusions This review synthesizes the existing knowledge of pneumonia in the elderly including epidemiology, risk factors, symptoms, and management. By enhancing the understanding of pneumonia in geriatric patients, healthcare professionals are able to improve diagnostic accuracy and tailor treatment strategies to reduce the burden of the disease.