Anti-Tumor Efficacy of Oleuropein-Loaded ZnO/Au Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle in 5-FU-Resistant Colorectal Cancer Cells

Purpose: 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a first-line chemotherapeutic agent used to treat colorectal cancer (CRC).However, 5-FU induces drug resistance and activation of cancer stem cells (CSCs).In the present study, we designed a novel biocompatible nanomedicine system with high efficacy and biocompatibility by synthesizing mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN)-structured ZnO and gold ions.Oleuropein (OLP) is a phenolic compound derived from olive leaves that exerts anti-cancer effects.Therefore, we synthesized OLPloaded ZnO/Au MSNs (ZnO/Au/OLP MSNs) and examined their anti-cancer effects on 5-FU-resistant CRC cells.Methods: ZnO/Au MSNs were synthesized and functionalized, and their physical and chemical compositions were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Their effects were assessed in terms of cellular proliferation capacity, migration and invasion ability, colony-forming ability, spheroid-forming ability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial membrane depolarization.Results: ZnO/Au MSNs were mostly composed of various ions containing ZnO and gold ions, had a spheroid phenotype, and exhibited no cytotoxicity.ZnO/Au/OLP MSNs reduced cell viability and CSC formation and induced apoptosis of 5-FU-resistant CRC cells via necrosis via ROS accumulation and DNA fragmentation.Conclusion: ZnO/Au/OLP MSNs exhibited anti-cancer activity by upregulating necrosis.These results revealed that ZnO/Au/OLP MSNs are a novel drug delivery system for 5-FU CRC therapy.