Biotic and abiotic controls on sediment carbon dioxide and methane fluxes under short-term experimental warming

• Sediment CO 2 fluxes were more sensitive than CH 4 fluxes under warming. • Dissolved oxygen was the predominant factor of sediment temperature-dependent CO 2 flux variation. • Methanococcales were the key predictor of sediment temperature-dependent CH 4 flux variation. Due to the differences in biotic and abiotic factors between soil and sediments, the predicted linkages between biotic and abiotic factors and soil carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ) fluxes under warming may not be suitable for sediments. Additionally, the combination of biotic and abiotic factors which determines sediment temperature-dependent CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes remains unresolved. To address this issue, different types of sediments (including lake, small river and pond sediments) collected from 30 sites across the Yangtze River Basin were incubated under short-term experimental warming. During the incubating phase, the sediment temperature-dependent CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes as well as the accompanying biotic factors (organic carbon and microbial community) and abiotic factors (pH and dissolved oxygen (DO)) were determined and analyzed synthetically. Our results indicated that sediment CO 2 fluxes were more sensitive than CH 4 fluxes to warming, which might lead to a relatively large CO 2 contribution to total greenhouse gas emissions in a warming climate. Additionally, temperature-dependent CO 2 fluxes in pond sediments were more sensitive than those in lake sediments. Random forest analysis indicated that DO greatly affected the variation in the sediment temperature-dependent CO 2 fluxes, whereas Methanococcales primarily predicted the CH 4 fluxes under warming. DO also highly affected the variation in the temperature sensitivity of CH 4 fluxes, whereas pH mostly predicted the temperature sensitivity of CO 2 fluxes. Our findings suggest that biotic and abiotic factors, especially DO, pH and the composition of methanogens, coregulate CO 2 and CH 4 emissions in response to climate warming. Therefore, biotic and abiotic factors should be considered in the models for predication and investigation of sediment organic carbon dynamics under climate change.