Inhibitory potential of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn extract on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway

Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn (NNG), commonly known as sacred lotus or Indian lotus, has been extensively used in traditional medicine for its various pharmacological properties. Emerging research has focused on elucidating its potential as a therapeutic agent against cancer and other diseases. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in regulating cellular processes such as cell growth, proliferation, and survival, and its dysregulation is implicated in various diseases, including cancer. This review examines the inhibitory effects of Nelumbo nucifera on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. We discuss the molecular components and functions of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, highlighting its significance in disease pathogenesis. The review compiles evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrating the ability of Nelumbo nucifera extracts (NNGE) and compounds to inhibit the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Additionally, it has pharmacological properties of NNG, including its anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic applications of NNG-based interventions and outline future research directions in this promising field. Overall, this review underscores the therapeutic potential of NNG as an inhibitor of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, suggesting avenues for the development of novel therapeutic strategies against cancer and other diseases.