Optimizing Lettuce Growth in Nutrient Film Technique Hydroponics: Evaluating the Impact of Elevated Oxygen Concentrations in the Root Zone under LED Illumination

Evaluating different concentrations of oxygen on lettuce physiology, growth, and biochemical assays is pivotal for optimizing the nutrient film technique (NFT), boosting yields, and enhancing resource efficiency in sustainable greenhouse cultivation. Two lettuce varieties Lactuca sativa var. Lolo Bionta (Lugano) and Lolo Rosa (Carmesi), were grown using NFT in a greenhouse for two consecutive years during the months of December and January. A comparative methodology was adopted under a randomized complete block design (RCBD) to study plant growth under three different oxygen concentration levels: natural oxygen concentrations (NOC); elevated oxygen concentrations (EOC); and elevated oxygen concentrations under LED light (380–840 nm) (LED + EOC). The plants were exposed to EOC levels of 8.1–8.7 mg L−1 in December and 8.7–9.0 mg L−1 in January. Under LED + EOC conditions, the levels were 8.2–8.3 mg L−1 in December and 8.8–9.0 mg L−1 in January. The NOC levels were 6.8–7.1 mg L−1 in December and 7.2–7.8 mg L−1 in January for Lugano and Carmesi, respectively. The applied light intensity, measured as photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), ranged from 463 to 495 µmol m−2 s−1 for the Lugano and from 465 to 490 µmol m−2 s−1 for the Carmesi. The dissolved oxygen concentration and LED light exposure under greenhouse conditions had significant effects (p < 0.05) on the plant growth parameters. The biochemical and physiological attributes, including transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, nitrate, chlorophyll, sugar contents, net photosynthesis, and respiration rates, varied significantly across different oxygen concentrations. Data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s HSD tests for significance (p < 0.05) using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 29.0.2.0). Both EOC and LED + EOC treatments significantly improved growth attributes compared to NOC in Lugano, with increases in plant height (16.04%, 0.85%), fresh mass (110.91%, 29.55%), root length (27.35%, 29.55%), and root mass (77.69%, 34.77%). For Carmesi, similar trends were observed with increases in plant height (5.64%, 13.27%), fresh mass (10.45%, 21.57%), root length (37.14%, 47.33%), and root mass (20.70%, 41.72%) under EOC and LED + EOC. In the intertreatment analysis, the effect of LED + EOC was more pronounced compared to EOC. In view of the intertreatment response, Lolo Bionta (Lugano) appeared to have a high overall horticultural performance (growth and yield in both EOC and LED + EOC compared to Lolo Rosa (Carmesi). The practical significance of these results lies in their potential to inform strategies for optimizing greenhouse environments, particularly through the manipulation of oxygen levels and light exposure. The significant increases in growth metrics, especially under the LED + EOC conditions, suggest that targeted environmental adjustments can lead to substantial improvements in lettuce yield and quality. The findings also contribute to the advancement of sustainable agricultural technologies aiming to enhance food security and sustainability.