Realizing an Anolyte Utilization Rate of 99% in Low-cost Zinc-based Flow Batteries by Rejuvenating Dead Zinc

The electrochemical oxidation of dead zinc by Bi 2 O 3 effectively converts the exfoliated zinc into Zn(OH) 4 2− back to the anolyte, thereby extending the cycle life of alkaline zinc–iron flow batteries with anolyte utilization rate up to 99%.