Ni crossover catalysis: truth of hydrogen evolution in Ni-rich cathode-based lithium-ion batteries

A “double catalysis–double crossover” (DC–DC) mechanism is proposed for H 2 evolution in NMC-based LIBs. Two catalyses exist on both electrodes and two crossovers occur from cathode to anode, which all contribute to H 2 evolution in NMC-based LIBs.