Evaluation of mobile laser scanning acquisition scenarios for automated wood volume estimation in a temperate hardwood forest using Quantitative Structural Models

This study explores how data from a handheld mobile laser scanning (MLS) system and quantitative structural models (QSM) can be used to estimate tree structural attributes. Four MLS acquisition scenarios were investigated in a 1-ha temperate hardwood stand, including 15 m and 35 m parallel lines, nine circular plots, and a 20 m × 20 m grid. Results were compared against terrestrial laser scanning and destructive field measurements. All acquisition scenarios yielded comparable results, except for the 35 m scenario, which showed greater variability. The 20 m × 20 m grid scenario showed the highest accuracy, with a RMSE of 0.41 m (2.07%) for tree height, 3.98 cm (14.93%) for diameter at breast height, 0.21 m³ (19.28%) for merchantable wood volume, and 0.07 m³ (10.11%) for merchantable stem volume. A bias < 5% was observed for these key attributes, except for an 11.68% bias in merchantable wood volume. Overestimation of branch volume was identified as the primary source of bias related to merchantable wood volume. This study highlights MLS's potential for accurate, non-destructive estimation of tree structural attributes, while pointing out the need to refine noise removal and to assess the most suitable acquisition scenarios for various forest types.