Engineering lattice oxygen defects and polaronic transport in vanadium pentoxide via isovalent phosphorus doping

Oxygen vacancies are equilibrium defects in the vanadium pentoxide system that give rise to polaronic hopping transport via V4+ charge compensating defect. In this paper, we report the tunability of polaron formation, the hopping process, and their magnetic signature by substitution of isovalent (5+) phosphorus ions in the V5+ site. The powder x-ray diffraction data show a monotonous shift in lattice parameters with progressive P-doping, confirming the presence of a substitutional dopant. The polaron hopping energy reduced from 0.307 to 0.290 eV depicting a lower defect concentration in P-doping in V2O5. At low temperatures, it is found to obey the Efros–Shklovskii variable range hopping mechanism. The estimated hopping range increased to 1.6 ± 0.1 nm in doped V2O5 in contrast to ∼1.3 nm in the undoped one. The electron spin resonance measurements show a diminishing broad ferromagnetic signal and rising paramagnetic signal (g = 1.97) with progressive P-doping depicting predominant isolated electronic spins in the doped sample. The same is corroborated in room temperature M–H with a distinct hysteresis that diminishes with P-doping and a rise of a paramagnetic slope. Moreover, the reduced oxygen defects and lower V4+ relative occupancy together with fermi level fall toward intrinsic position are substantiated by photoelectron emission studies.