Bifidobacterium longum-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Prevent Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Modulating the TGF-β1/Smad Signaling in Mice

The involvement of gut microbiota in carcinogenesis has gradually been highlighted in past decades. Bacteria could play its role by the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs); however, interrelationship between bacterial EVs and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development has not been investigated much.