Recent progress in design and preparation of glucose-responsive insulin delivery systems

Diabetes, as a global threat nowadays, causes the wide usage of exogenous insulin. Subcutaneous injection is the traditional insulin administration in the diabetes treatments and is inconvenient and painful, which results in potential side effects of hypoglycemia. Scientists have made great efforts to develop alternatives. As the promising solutions, smart insulin delivery systems fabricated with glucose- responsive compounds attract considerable attention in the field of diabetes treatments. This review discusses the classifications, properties, response mechanisms of the glucose-responsive compounds, glucose oxidase and concanavalin A and recent progress of glucose-responsive insulin delivery systems.