The self-reference effect in memory: A meta-analysis.

In this review, the authors examine the basis for the mnemonic superiority that results from relating material to the self.A meta-analysis confirms the expected self-reference effect (SRE) in memory, with self-referent encoding strategies yielding superior memory relative to both semantic and otherreferent encoding strategies.Consistent with theory and research that suggest self-reference (SR) produces both organized and elaborate processing, the SRE was smaller (a) when SR is compared with other-reference (OR) rather than semantic encoding and (b) when the comparison tasks promote both organization and elaboration.Thus, the SRE appears to result primarily because the self is a well-developed and often-used construct that promotes elaboration and organization of encoded information.The authors discuss the implications of these and other findings for theories of the SRE and for future research.Throughout the history of psychology, researchers have used the self as a central part of their explanations of various phenomena (see Banaji & Prentice, 1994;