Synthesis and characterization of electrospun molybdenum dioxide–carbon nanofibers as sulfur matrix additives for rechargeable lithium–sulfur battery applications

One-dimensional molybdenum dioxide–carbon nanofibers (MoO 2 –CNFs) were prepared using an electrospinning technique followed by calcination, using sol–gel precursors and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as a processing aid. The resulting samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) surface area measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). MoO 2 –CNFs with an average diameter of 425–575 nm obtained after heat treatment were used as a matrix to prepare sulfur/MoO 2 –CNF cathodes for lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. The polysulfide adsorption and electrochemical performance tests demonstrated that MoO 2 –CNFs did not only act as polysulfide reservoirs to alleviate the shuttle effect, but also improve the electrochemical reaction kinetics during the charge–discharge processes. The effect of MoO 2 –CNF heat treatment on the cycle performance of sulfur/MoO 2 –CNFs electrodes was examined, and the data showed that MoO 2 –CNFs calcined at 850 °C delivered optimal performance with an initial capacity of 1095 mAh g −1 and 860 mAh g −1 after 50 cycles. The results demonstrated that sulfur/MoO 2 –CNF composites display a remarkably high lithium–ion diffusion coefficient, low interfacial resistance and much better electrochemical performance than pristine sulfur cathodes.